طراحی و تحلیل فقهی قراردادهای هوشمند صادرات گاز مبتنی بر فناوری‌های نوین پولی و مالی بر مبنای قواعد فقه معاملات و الزامات فنی اجرای خودکار تعهدات

The transformation of international energy trade structures and the emergence of modern monetary and financial technologies—particularly blockchain-based smart contracts—have presented new challenges to the fundamental principles of the Islamic jurisprudence of transactions (Fiqh al-Mu'amalat). Within this context, the necessity to reinterpret classical jurisprudential doctrines such as intent and consent (qasd wa riḍā), knowledge of the subject matter and consideration (‘ilm bi-l-‘iwaḍayn), prohibition of uncertainty (gharar), ignorance (jahl), no-harm (lā- ḍarar), ancillary conditions (shurūṭ), and options (khiyārāt) in light of the technical requirements of self-executing contractual obligations has become increasingly evident. This study aims to design and conduct a jurisprudential analysis of smart gas export contracts within the framework of Imami jurisprudence to elucidate the relationship among Shariah rules, self-executing systems, and digital payment technologies. Employing a descriptive-analytical and comparative jurisprudential methodology, alongside a conceptual technological design approach, the study first extracts the governing rules of Islamic commercial law as applied to digital contracts and reformulates them into formal constraints and state machine logic based on the theory of intelligent agents. Subsequently, mechanisms such as noninterest escrow accounts, multi-source oracles for verifying gas delivery and pricing (aligned with AGA and ISO standards), decision automation through intelligent agents, and algorithmic arbitration are examined from both jurisprudential and technical perspectives. The findings demonstrate that by precisely redefining the concepts of knowledge of consideration, legal possession (qabd), and liability arising from data errors (daman), a theoretical and operational bridge can be built between Imami jurisprudence and smart contract technology. The study concludes by proposing a jurisprudential-technological framework for smart gas export contracts that ensures compliance with Islamic principles and international trade law requirements.