Imam Sadiq(as) University Islamic Economics Studies Bi-quarterly Journal 2008-4102 16 2 2024 04 20 Design and Jurisprudential Analysis of Smart Gas Export Contracts Based on Modern Monetary and Financial Technologies, the Islamic Jurisprudence of Transactions, and Technical Requirements for the Automated Execution of Obligations Design and Jurisprudential Analysis of Smart Gas Export Contracts Based on Modern Monetary and Financial Technologies, the Islamic Jurisprudence of Transactions, and Technical Requirements for the Automated Execution of Obligations 1 29 78082 10.30497/ies.2026.249246.2316 FA Ahmad Norouzi Ph.D. Student in Economics, Faculty of Islamic Studies and Economics, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran Mahdi Sadeghi Shahdani Professor, Faculty of Islamic Studies and Economics, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-2765-5774 Davoud Manzour Associate Professor, Faculty of Islamic Studies and Economics, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Shabani Associate Professor, Faculty of Islamic Studies and Economics, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0001-1812-0233 Mahdi Ghaemi Asl Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-2246-2914 Journal Article 2025 12 21 The transformation of international energy trade structures and the emergence of modern monetary and financial technologies—particularly blockchain-based smart contracts—have presented new challenges to the fundamental principles of the Islamic jurisprudence of transactions (Fiqh al-Mu'amalat). Within this context, the necessity to reinterpret classical jurisprudential doctrines such as intent and consent (qasd wa riḍā), knowledge of the subject matter and consideration (‘ilm bi-l-‘iwaḍayn), prohibition of uncertainty (gharar), ignorance (jahl), no-harm (lā- ḍarar), ancillary conditions (shurūṭ), and options (khiyārāt) in light of the technical requirements of self-executing contractual obligations has become increasingly evident. This study aims to design and conduct a jurisprudential analysis of smart gas export contracts within the framework of Imami jurisprudence to elucidate the relationship among Shariah rules, self-executing systems, and digital payment technologies. Employing a descriptive-analytical and comparative jurisprudential methodology, alongside a conceptual technological design approach, the study first extracts the governing rules of Islamic commercial law as applied to digital contracts and reformulates them into formal constraints and state machine logic based on the theory of intelligent agents. Subsequently, mechanisms such as noninterest escrow accounts, multi-source oracles for verifying gas delivery and pricing (aligned with AGA and ISO standards), decision automation through intelligent agents, and algorithmic arbitration are examined from both jurisprudential and technical perspectives. The findings demonstrate that by precisely redefining the concepts of knowledge of consideration, legal possession (qabd), and liability arising from data errors (daman), a theoretical and operational bridge can be built between Imami jurisprudence and smart contract technology. The study concludes by proposing a jurisprudential-technological framework for smart gas export contracts that ensures compliance with Islamic principles and international trade law requirements. The transformation of international energy trade structures and the emergence of modern monetary and financial technologies—particularly blockchain-based smart contracts—have presented new challenges to the fundamental principles of the Islamic jurisprudence of transactions (Fiqh al-Mu'amalat). Within this context, the necessity to reinterpret classical jurisprudential doctrines such as intent and consent (qasd wa riḍā), knowledge of the subject matter and consideration (‘ilm bi-l-‘iwaḍayn), prohibition of uncertainty (gharar), ignorance (jahl), no-harm (lā- ḍarar), ancillary conditions (shurūṭ), and options (khiyārāt) in light of the technical requirements of self-executing contractual obligations has become increasingly evident. This study aims to design and conduct a jurisprudential analysis of smart gas export contracts within the framework of Imami jurisprudence to elucidate the relationship among Shariah rules, self-executing systems, and digital payment technologies. Employing a descriptive-analytical and comparative jurisprudential methodology, alongside a conceptual technological design approach, the study first extracts the governing rules of Islamic commercial law as applied to digital contracts and reformulates them into formal constraints and state machine logic based on the theory of intelligent agents. Subsequently, mechanisms such as noninterest escrow accounts, multi-source oracles for verifying gas delivery and pricing (aligned with AGA and ISO standards), decision automation through intelligent agents, and algorithmic arbitration are examined from both jurisprudential and technical perspectives. The findings demonstrate that by precisely redefining the concepts of knowledge of consideration, legal possession (qabd), and liability arising from data errors (daman), a theoretical and operational bridge can be built between Imami jurisprudence and smart contract technology. The study concludes by proposing a jurisprudential-technological framework for smart gas export contracts that ensures compliance with Islamic principles and international trade law requirements.

https://ies.isu.ac.ir/article_78082_a28eeaec7036c002e8d4a8c3d20918fc.pdf

Imam Sadiq(as) University Islamic Economics Studies Bi-quarterly Journal 2008-4102 16 2 2024 04 20 An Institutional Congruence Approach to the Doctrine of the Just Price: The Possibility and Impossibility of Regulative Pricing Rules and Constitutive Market Structures in Christian and Islamic Traditions An Institutional Congruence Approach to the Doctrine of the Just Price: The Possibility and Impossibility of Regulative Pricing Rules and Constitutive Market Structures in Christian and Islamic Traditions 31 55 78051 10.30497/ies.2026.245915.2210 FA Alireza Raanaei Ph.D. in Economics, Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 0009-0008-2187-6550 Sayyed Aqil Hoseiny Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran 0000-0001-8666-3208 Journal Article 2024 02 25 This article adopts a theoretical–institutional approach to examine the possibility and impossibility of formulating the doctrine of the “just price” in the Christian and Islamic traditions. The central question of the study is why the concept of the just price becomes an autonomous and theoretically articulable problem in the Latin Christian tradition, while it does not acquire a comparable status in the Islamic tradition. The article advances the hypothesis that this divergence does not stem from differences in moral or juridical sophistication between the two traditions, but rather from a fundamental divergence in the relationship between reason and revelation and in the respective roles of constitutive and regulative rules in the architecture of institutional order. The article argues that within the Thomistic tradition, the epistemic and institutional differentiation between the natural and the supernatural realms makes it possible to distinguish between constitutive rules of the market and regulative rules of economic justice. This distinction, shaped through the interaction of Aristotelian philosophy, Roman law, and Christian theology, stabilizes into a specific yet tension-laden form of institutional congruence that enables the emergence of doctrines such as the just price. By contrast, in the Islamic tradition, the longitudinal unity of reason and revelation and the constitutive role of Sharīʿa entail that economic justice is embedded from the outset within the institutional structure of the market itself, rather than imposed as an external regulative constraint. Consequently, price determination in the Islamic tradition is less likely to be conceptualized as an independent theoretical problem and is instead articulated within the frameworks of transactional jurisprudence (fiqh al-muʿāmalāt), practical wisdom, and institutions such as the ḥisba. The main conclusion of the study is that the doctrine of the just price reflects a specific civilizational possibility grounded in the epistemic and institutional differentiation of the social sphere; a possibility that does not arise in a comparable form within the Islamic tradition due to its distinctive configuration of reason, revelation, and law. At the level of contemporary implications, the article shows that modern economics -even in its applications within Islamic societies- is, in terms of its internal logic and institutional presuppositions, the product of a specific Western civilizational possibility, and cannot be rendered “Islamic” merely by the addition of juridical or ethical constraints. Accordingly, the horizon of research in the philosophy of Islamic economics lies not in the Islamization of modern economics, but in a critical re-examination of the internal capacities of the Islamic tradition for articulating alternative institutional configurations compatible with contemporary economic challenges. This article adopts a theoretical–institutional approach to examine the possibility and impossibility of formulating the doctrine of the “just price” in the Christian and Islamic traditions. The central question of the study is why the concept of the just price becomes an autonomous and theoretically articulable problem in the Latin Christian tradition, while it does not acquire a comparable status in the Islamic tradition. The article advances the hypothesis that this divergence does not stem from differences in moral or juridical sophistication between the two traditions, but rather from a fundamental divergence in the relationship between reason and revelation and in the respective roles of constitutive and regulative rules in the architecture of institutional order. The article argues that within the Thomistic tradition, the epistemic and institutional differentiation between the natural and the supernatural realms makes it possible to distinguish between constitutive rules of the market and regulative rules of economic justice. This distinction, shaped through the interaction of Aristotelian philosophy, Roman law, and Christian theology, stabilizes into a specific yet tension-laden form of institutional congruence that enables the emergence of doctrines such as the just price. By contrast, in the Islamic tradition, the longitudinal unity of reason and revelation and the constitutive role of Sharīʿa entail that economic justice is embedded from the outset within the institutional structure of the market itself, rather than imposed as an external regulative constraint. Consequently, price determination in the Islamic tradition is less likely to be conceptualized as an independent theoretical problem and is instead articulated within the frameworks of transactional jurisprudence (fiqh al-muʿāmalāt), practical wisdom, and institutions such as the ḥisba. The main conclusion of the study is that the doctrine of the just price reflects a specific civilizational possibility grounded in the epistemic and institutional differentiation of the social sphere; a possibility that does not arise in a comparable form within the Islamic tradition due to its distinctive configuration of reason, revelation, and law. At the level of contemporary implications, the article shows that modern economics -even in its applications within Islamic societies- is, in terms of its internal logic and institutional presuppositions, the product of a specific Western civilizational possibility, and cannot be rendered “Islamic” merely by the addition of juridical or ethical constraints. Accordingly, the horizon of research in the philosophy of Islamic economics lies not in the Islamization of modern economics, but in a critical re-examination of the internal capacities of the Islamic tradition for articulating alternative institutional configurations compatible with contemporary economic challenges.

https://ies.isu.ac.ir/article_78051_07833479e72da91592ac31df369c30de.pdf

Imam Sadiq(as) University Islamic Economics Studies Bi-quarterly Journal 2008-4102 16 2 2024 04 20 Designing a Qard al-Hasan Banking Facilities Index within the Framework of Interest-Free Banking: A Content Analysis and Best-Worst Method (BWM) Approach Designing a Qard al-Hasan Banking Facilities Index within the Framework of Interest-Free Banking: A Content Analysis and Best-Worst Method (BWM) Approach 57 91 78087 10.30497/ies.2026.246503.2227 FA Hossein Seilsepoor Ph.D. Student in Finance, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Javad Mohagheghnia Assistant Professor, Department of Banking, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Shima Ahmadi Assistant Professor, Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management and Financial Sciences, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran Ali Seilsepour Ph.D. Student, Department of Financial Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 06 15 This study aims to design a measurable, index-based framework for evaluating the performance of Qard al-Hasan facilities within the Islamic banking system. The primary objective is to enhance financial ethics, social responsibility, institutional transparency, and process efficiency. Moving beyond normative descriptions, this research conceptualizes Qard al-Hasan indices as systematic analytical tools for institutional monitoring, ensuring the provision of Sharia-compliant, interest-free facilities oriented toward economic justice. Employing a two-stage exploratory mixed-methods design, the study first utilizes qualitative content analysis of semi-structured interviews with Islamic banking experts to extract key evaluation categories and subcategories. Subsequently, the Best-Worst Method (BWM) is applied to weight and prioritize these elements. Furthermore, practical operational metrics are proposed for each subcategory to facilitate regulatory monitoring and institutional assessment. Findings reveal that the overarching social objectives of Qard al-Hasan-namely poverty reduction, economic empowerment, and social justice-form the core of performance evaluation. Additionally, institutional process quality, equitable resource allocation, and resource cycle sustainability are crucial for operational effectiveness. While not empirically assessing current bank performance, this study provides a weighted, policy-relevant framework for institutional evaluation, suggesting that future research validate and apply this index using quantitative banking data across interbank or cross-country contexts. This study aims to design a measurable, index-based framework for evaluating the performance of Qard al-Hasan facilities within the Islamic banking system. The primary objective is to enhance financial ethics, social responsibility, institutional transparency, and process efficiency. Moving beyond normative descriptions, this research conceptualizes Qard al-Hasan indices as systematic analytical tools for institutional monitoring, ensuring the provision of Sharia-compliant, interest-free facilities oriented toward economic justice. Employing a two-stage exploratory mixed-methods design, the study first utilizes qualitative content analysis of semi-structured interviews with Islamic banking experts to extract key evaluation categories and subcategories. Subsequently, the Best-Worst Method (BWM) is applied to weight and prioritize these elements. Furthermore, practical operational metrics are proposed for each subcategory to facilitate regulatory monitoring and institutional assessment. Findings reveal that the overarching social objectives of Qard al-Hasan-namely poverty reduction, economic empowerment, and social justice-form the core of performance evaluation. Additionally, institutional process quality, equitable resource allocation, and resource cycle sustainability are crucial for operational effectiveness. While not empirically assessing current bank performance, this study provides a weighted, policy-relevant framework for institutional evaluation, suggesting that future research validate and apply this index using quantitative banking data across interbank or cross-country contexts.

Imam Sadiq(as) University Islamic Economics Studies Bi-quarterly Journal 2008-4102 16 2 2024 04 20 Economy as a Matter of Happiness: A Conceptual Model for Scholastic Economic Theology Economy as a Matter of Happiness: A Conceptual Model for Scholastic Economic Theology 93 119 77602 10.30497/ies.2025.245119.2190 FA Mohammadhosein Bahmanpour-khalesi Ph.D. in Economics, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-1021-6393 Mohammadjavad Sharifzadeh Associate Professor, Faculty of Islamic Studies and Economics, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-6952-182X Journal Article 2023 09 28 The position of ideology in economics and the relationship between positive and normative economics have always been among the fundamental questions in economic methodology, yielding various answers. Some view economics as nothing more than the theology of the modern era, while others regard the domain of economics as devoid of non-falsifiable ideology. Nonetheless, most intellectual currents agree on considering Scholastic thought as part of the history of economic analysis. Yet, the fundamental question is how economic issues emerge as analytical inquiries for a theologian. This study seeks to demonstrate, through a case study of realistic Scholastic thinkers, how theology - and specifically the theory of Scholastic happiness - can transform economic topics into analytical questions for these scholars. The results indicate that the introduction of the theory of dual human happiness, particularly the concept of "imperfect happiness" (beatitudo imperfecta) alongside "perfect happiness," provided the primary basis for their attention to economic issues. Therefore, economics was of interest to the Scholastics in terms of the material necessities for virtuous action, as a scene for moral judgment, and due to its connection to many human virtues. The position of ideology in economics and the relationship between positive and normative economics have always been among the fundamental questions in economic methodology, yielding various answers. Some view economics as nothing more than the theology of the modern era, while others regard the domain of economics as devoid of non-falsifiable ideology. Nonetheless, most intellectual currents agree on considering Scholastic thought as part of the history of economic analysis. Yet, the fundamental question is how economic issues emerge as analytical inquiries for a theologian. This study seeks to demonstrate, through a case study of realistic Scholastic thinkers, how theology - and specifically the theory of Scholastic happiness - can transform economic topics into analytical questions for these scholars. The results indicate that the introduction of the theory of dual human happiness, particularly the concept of "imperfect happiness" (beatitudo imperfecta) alongside "perfect happiness," provided the primary basis for their attention to economic issues. Therefore, economics was of interest to the Scholastics in terms of the material necessities for virtuous action, as a scene for moral judgment, and due to its connection to many human virtues.

https://ies.isu.ac.ir/article_77602_95e3e84a68f5b271f0cb967a10e47b81.pdf

Imam Sadiq(as) University Islamic Economics Studies Bi-quarterly Journal 2008-4102 16 2 2024 04 20 Current Expenditure Stickiness and its Effect on Budget Deficit Persistence in Iran: A Critical Approach Inspired by the Financial Model of the Prophetic Government Current Expenditure Stickiness and its Effect on Budget Deficit Persistence in Iran: A Critical Approach Inspired by the Financial Model of the Prophetic Government 121 151 78043 10.30497/ies.2026.248996.2309 FA Seyyed Mohammad Ali Mousavi Assistant Professor, Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute, Qom, Iran 0009-0004-5539-4956 Seyyed Javad Mirzazadeh Qasab Kalayi Assistant Professor, Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute, Qom, Iran 0009-0009-8201-2016 Journal Article 2025 10 29 Chronic budget deficits, as a structural challenge in the Iranian economy, have persistently threatened the fiscal sustainability of the government. Adopting a distinct analytical perspective, this study traces the roots of this problem to the structural rigidity of the fixed payment system. Accordingly, it introduces the variable payment model observed in the Prophetic government as an alternative theoretical framework for establishing an automatic balance between revenues and expenditures. The research employs a multi-layered analytical approach, including theoretical analysis, a descriptive examination of data for the period 2000–2024 (1379–1402), and multi-scenario simulations to quantitatively evaluate the effects of expenditure flexibility. Descriptive findings clearly reveal a pronounced asymmetry between volatile revenues and rigid expenditures. However, attempts to establish a stable statistical relationship using advanced econometric models (including ARDL) did not yield significant results due to severe instability and multiple structural breaks in the Iranian economy. This outcome itself highlights the limitations of quantitative econometric analysis in such a volatile context. In contrast, policy simulation results within a static budgetary framework indicate that introducing flexibility to even a small share (10–30 percent) of rigid expenditures could substantially reduce the budget deficit, particularly during crisis years. The study concludes that although identifying a stable statistical model in Iran’s volatile economic environment is difficult, both theoretical reasoning and computational evidence support a transition toward more flexible payment systems as an important strategy for achieving fiscal sustainability. Nevertheless, given the static nature of the simulations and the exclusion of recessionary feedback effects from expenditure reductions (the multiplier effect), an important caveat emerges: to avoid adverse impacts on economic growth during downturns, expenditure adjustments should be anchored to a moving average of sustainable revenues rather than volatile annual income. Otherwise, mechanically reducing expenditures may deepen economic recessions. Chronic budget deficits, as a structural challenge in the Iranian economy, have persistently threatened the fiscal sustainability of the government. Adopting a distinct analytical perspective, this study traces the roots of this problem to the structural rigidity of the fixed payment system. Accordingly, it introduces the variable payment model observed in the Prophetic government as an alternative theoretical framework for establishing an automatic balance between revenues and expenditures. The research employs a multi-layered analytical approach, including theoretical analysis, a descriptive examination of data for the period 2000–2024 (1379–1402), and multi-scenario simulations to quantitatively evaluate the effects of expenditure flexibility. Descriptive findings clearly reveal a pronounced asymmetry between volatile revenues and rigid expenditures. However, attempts to establish a stable statistical relationship using advanced econometric models (including ARDL) did not yield significant results due to severe instability and multiple structural breaks in the Iranian economy. This outcome itself highlights the limitations of quantitative econometric analysis in such a volatile context. In contrast, policy simulation results within a static budgetary framework indicate that introducing flexibility to even a small share (10–30 percent) of rigid expenditures could substantially reduce the budget deficit, particularly during crisis years. The study concludes that although identifying a stable statistical model in Iran’s volatile economic environment is difficult, both theoretical reasoning and computational evidence support a transition toward more flexible payment systems as an important strategy for achieving fiscal sustainability. Nevertheless, given the static nature of the simulations and the exclusion of recessionary feedback effects from expenditure reductions (the multiplier effect), an important caveat emerges: to avoid adverse impacts on economic growth during downturns, expenditure adjustments should be anchored to a moving average of sustainable revenues rather than volatile annual income. Otherwise, mechanically reducing expenditures may deepen economic recessions.

https://ies.isu.ac.ir/article_78043_aacd10a49df456af4d3bf9255fc9b8e7.pdf

Imam Sadiq(as) University Islamic Economics Studies Bi-quarterly Journal 2008-4102 16 2 2024 04 20 A Critical Review of Interest Rate Theories Proposed by Islamic Economic Scholars A Critical Review of Interest Rate Theories Proposed by Islamic Economic Scholars 153 191 78041 10.30497/ies.2026.248305.2288 FA Yahya Lotfinia Ph.D. Student in Economics, Mofid University, Qom, Iran Mohammadreza Yousefi Shaeikhrobat Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Mofid University, Qom, Iran Naser Elahi Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Mofid University, Qom, Iran Journal Article 2025 08 27 Abstract Despite more than four decades since the enactment of the Usury-Free Banking Act in Iran, fundamental challenges persist in designing a coherent, operational, and Sharia-compliant framework for determining profit rates within the Islamic financial system. A critical review of the literature reveals that existing theories-notwithstanding their considerable diversity-suffer from several fundamental limitations. First, a lack of comprehensiveness: many approaches focus exclusively on sector-specific or contextual issues within Iran’s economy, thereby lacking generalizability to the broader Islamic monetary system. Second, theoretical deficiencies: several theories fail to adequately incorporate macro-policy dimensions or the institutional requirements of Islamic central banking. Third, a disconnect from contemporary monetary policy literature: a significant portion of these theories overlook recent developments regarding the role of the policy rate in macroeconomic management and the guidance of expectations. Fourth, insufficient attention to the real sector: while Sharia principles emphasize linking profit rates to the real return on capital, many theories lack practical mechanisms grounded in actual economic activity. Using a descriptive-analytical and documentary method, this article reviews and evaluates both domestic and international theories of profit-rate determination. It demonstrates that none of the existing approaches can, independently, satisfy the three foundational criteria of the Islamic financial system: Sharia compliance, linkage to the real sector, and applicability to monetary policy. The findings highlight the need for a hybrid and institutional framework that preserves Sharia principles, utilizes real-sector indicators, and enables the central bank to conduct effective monetary policy and derive a unified policy rate. The study concludes that transitioning toward such a framework requires integrating valid elements from existing theories and establishing essential institutional prerequisites, including information transparency, development of the sovereign sukuk market, and strengthening the operational mechanisms of monetary policy in Islamic central banking. Abstract Despite more than four decades since the enactment of the Usury-Free Banking Act in Iran, fundamental challenges persist in designing a coherent, operational, and Sharia-compliant framework for determining profit rates within the Islamic financial system. A critical review of the literature reveals that existing theories-notwithstanding their considerable diversity-suffer from several fundamental limitations. First, a lack of comprehensiveness: many approaches focus exclusively on sector-specific or contextual issues within Iran’s economy, thereby lacking generalizability to the broader Islamic monetary system. Second, theoretical deficiencies: several theories fail to adequately incorporate macro-policy dimensions or the institutional requirements of Islamic central banking. Third, a disconnect from contemporary monetary policy literature: a significant portion of these theories overlook recent developments regarding the role of the policy rate in macroeconomic management and the guidance of expectations. Fourth, insufficient attention to the real sector: while Sharia principles emphasize linking profit rates to the real return on capital, many theories lack practical mechanisms grounded in actual economic activity. Using a descriptive-analytical and documentary method, this article reviews and evaluates both domestic and international theories of profit-rate determination. It demonstrates that none of the existing approaches can, independently, satisfy the three foundational criteria of the Islamic financial system: Sharia compliance, linkage to the real sector, and applicability to monetary policy. The findings highlight the need for a hybrid and institutional framework that preserves Sharia principles, utilizes real-sector indicators, and enables the central bank to conduct effective monetary policy and derive a unified policy rate. The study concludes that transitioning toward such a framework requires integrating valid elements from existing theories and establishing essential institutional prerequisites, including information transparency, development of the sovereign sukuk market, and strengthening the operational mechanisms of monetary policy in Islamic central banking.

https://ies.isu.ac.ir/article_78041_ff10c0edfa5c94211960970ec02f0331.pdf

Imam Sadiq(as) University Islamic Economics Studies Bi-quarterly Journal 2008-4102 16 2 2024 04 20 The Position of the Rule of Appropriation (Ḥiyāzah) in the Islamic Economic System The Position of the Rule of Appropriation (Ḥiyāzah) in the Islamic Economic System 193 217 78038 10.30497/ies.2026.248779.2303 FA Aliasghar Hadaviniya Associate Professor, Department of Islamic Economics, Research Institute for Islamic Culture and Thought, Qom, Iran 0000-0003-3127-9609 Mohammad Dehghan Ph.D. Faculty of Theology, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran Ali Zare Qaramaleki Ph.D. Student in Jurisprudence and Islamic Law Foundations, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran 0009-0005-7219-7943 Journal Article 2025 08 27 Natural resources, as a pivotal factor in the economic development of nations, hold a paramount place in the formulation of macroeconomic strategies. The modalities of ownership and exploitation of these resources constitute fundamental issues within any economic system. In the Islamic economic system, appropriation (ḥiyāzah) is recognized as a legitimate means of acquiring ownership of certain natural resources. Examining the jurisprudential conditions for establishing ownership through appropriation, and its interplay with core economic concepts such as property regimes, economic freedom, and social justice, is essential for clarifying the theoretical foundations of the Islamic economic system. The present study, by investigating the definition, evidence, and constitutive elements of the rule of appropriation in Islamic jurisprudence, concludes that the Islamic framework regarding natural resources strikes a balance. While granting individuals circumscribed freedom to acquire ownership through productive labor, it simultaneously empowers the Islamic state to oversee individual appropriation, directly exploit strategic resources, and regulate distribution. These interventions are designed to prevent monopolization and social inequality, ensuring that the exploitation of natural resources aligns with the broader objectives of distributive justice. Natural resources, as a pivotal factor in the economic development of nations, hold a paramount place in the formulation of macroeconomic strategies. The modalities of ownership and exploitation of these resources constitute fundamental issues within any economic system. In the Islamic economic system, appropriation (ḥiyāzah) is recognized as a legitimate means of acquiring ownership of certain natural resources. Examining the jurisprudential conditions for establishing ownership through appropriation, and its interplay with core economic concepts such as property regimes, economic freedom, and social justice, is essential for clarifying the theoretical foundations of the Islamic economic system. The present study, by investigating the definition, evidence, and constitutive elements of the rule of appropriation in Islamic jurisprudence, concludes that the Islamic framework regarding natural resources strikes a balance. While granting individuals circumscribed freedom to acquire ownership through productive labor, it simultaneously empowers the Islamic state to oversee individual appropriation, directly exploit strategic resources, and regulate distribution. These interventions are designed to prevent monopolization and social inequality, ensuring that the exploitation of natural resources aligns with the broader objectives of distributive justice.

https://ies.isu.ac.ir/article_78038_6f0a4bf5894cd8acfbcaba3c386fd1c0.pdf

Imam Sadiq(as) University Islamic Economics Studies Bi-quarterly Journal 2008-4102 16 2 2024 04 20 Examining The Nature of Imam's Ownership: Natural Person vs. Legal Entity, with an Emphasis on Martyr Sadr’s Theory of Financing Social Security through Anfal Examining The Nature of Imam's Ownership: Natural Person vs. Legal Entity, with an Emphasis on Martyr Sadr’s Theory of Financing Social Security through Anfal 219 252 78042 10.30497/ies.2026.248541.2295 FA Sayedali Sedaghat Ph.D. Student in Islamic Economics, Social Sciences Research Institute, Research Institute of Hawzah and University, Qom, Iran 0000-0002-9944-5119 Mostafa Kazeminajafabadi Associate Professor, Department of Islamic Economics, Social Sciences Research Institute, Research Institute of Hawzah and University, Qom, Iran 0000-0003-2271-2714 Journal Article 2025 08 05 From the perspective of Martyr Sadr, one of the fundamental pillars of Islamic economics is “social justice,” which manifests in the wealth distribution system. Emphasizing the role of the Islamic state in providing social security for the weak and needy, he considers Anfal as one of the main sources for funding this obligation. Martyr Sadr has proposed his theory on financing social security in conjunction with his theory on the ownership of Anfal by the legitimate Islamic state as the legal entity of the Imam. In this framework, the primary objective of this research is to examine the nature of the Imam’s ownership of Anfal and its relationship with Martyr Sadr’s theory on financing social security. The two main questions are: 1) “Is Anfal the property of the Imam as a natural person or as a legal entity?” and 2) “Is the acceptance of Martyr Sadr’s theory dependent on the assumption of the Imam’s ownership as a legal entity?” The findings of the study show that although the prevailing view among scholars regarding ownership by the Imam as a natural person seems correct, according to the narrations of “Tahlil al-Anfal” (permissibility of Anfal), accepting the principle of Wilayat al-Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) -even within the scope of Hisbah affairs- is sufficient to prioritize the use of Anfal for social security needs. Therefore, Martyr Sadr’s theory can be considered a legitimate basis for economic policy-making within the Islamic system. From the perspective of Martyr Sadr, one of the fundamental pillars of Islamic economics is “social justice,” which manifests in the wealth distribution system. Emphasizing the role of the Islamic state in providing social security for the weak and needy, he considers Anfal as one of the main sources for funding this obligation. Martyr Sadr has proposed his theory on financing social security in conjunction with his theory on the ownership of Anfal by the legitimate Islamic state as the legal entity of the Imam. In this framework, the primary objective of this research is to examine the nature of the Imam’s ownership of Anfal and its relationship with Martyr Sadr’s theory on financing social security. The two main questions are: 1) “Is Anfal the property of the Imam as a natural person or as a legal entity?” and 2) “Is the acceptance of Martyr Sadr’s theory dependent on the assumption of the Imam’s ownership as a legal entity?” The findings of the study show that although the prevailing view among scholars regarding ownership by the Imam as a natural person seems correct, according to the narrations of “Tahlil al-Anfal” (permissibility of Anfal), accepting the principle of Wilayat al-Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) -even within the scope of Hisbah affairs- is sufficient to prioritize the use of Anfal for social security needs. Therefore, Martyr Sadr’s theory can be considered a legitimate basis for economic policy-making within the Islamic system.

https://ies.isu.ac.ir/article_78042_dfbe95ed8f50d20b4e5ca7983acd194c.pdf

Imam Sadiq(as) University Islamic Economics Studies Bi-quarterly Journal 2008-4102 16 2 2024 04 20 Analyzing the Components of an Optimal Investment Guidance Model for Petro-refineries and Its Institutional Mapping onto Resistance Economy Policies Analyzing the Components of an Optimal Investment Guidance Model for Petro-refineries and Its Institutional Mapping onto Resistance Economy Policies 253 272 78040 10.30497/ies.2026.246882.2239 FA Amirhosein Khorshidiathar Ph.D. Student in Oil and Gas Contract Management, Faculty of Islamic Studies and Economics, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran Mahdi Shahdani-Sadeghi Professor, Faculty of Islamic Studies and Economics, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-2765-5774 Davood Manzoor Associate Professor, Faculty of Islamic Studies and Economics, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hadi Zahedi Vafa Associate Professor, Faculty of Islamic Studies and Economics, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0006-5530-1021 Journal Article 2024 10 14 Realizing the strategic objectives of the Resistance Economy in Iran’s oil and gas sector necessitates a paradigm shift from selling raw hydrocarbons toward completing the value chain through petro-refinery complexes. The core problem addressed in this study is the absence of a comprehensive framework for smart capital guidance capable of aligning private sector profitability with the sovereign priorities outlined in high-level policy documents. This research employs a multi-stage qualitative methodology. First, through comparative benchmarking of nine leading countries, the key components of the model were identified across four clusters: governance, economic, technical, and market. Subsequently, utilizing an institutional mapping approach, systematic links between these components and Articles 13, 14, and 15 of the General Policies of the Resistance Economy were established. The findings -validated through data triangulation and pattern matching-demonstrate that improving technical indicators, such as the Nelson Complexity Index and the integration rate, not only enhances project bankability but also secures geopolitical resilience by producing non-substitutable goods and establishing micro-marketing networks. Finally, a feedstock holiday was identified as the most effective financial instrument for resolving conflicts of interest and fostering economic endogeneity. Realizing the strategic objectives of the Resistance Economy in Iran’s oil and gas sector necessitates a paradigm shift from selling raw hydrocarbons toward completing the value chain through petro-refinery complexes. The core problem addressed in this study is the absence of a comprehensive framework for smart capital guidance capable of aligning private sector profitability with the sovereign priorities outlined in high-level policy documents. This research employs a multi-stage qualitative methodology. First, through comparative benchmarking of nine leading countries, the key components of the model were identified across four clusters: governance, economic, technical, and market. Subsequently, utilizing an institutional mapping approach, systematic links between these components and Articles 13, 14, and 15 of the General Policies of the Resistance Economy were established. The findings -validated through data triangulation and pattern matching-demonstrate that improving technical indicators, such as the Nelson Complexity Index and the integration rate, not only enhances project bankability but also secures geopolitical resilience by producing non-substitutable goods and establishing micro-marketing networks. Finally, a feedstock holiday was identified as the most effective financial instrument for resolving conflicts of interest and fostering economic endogeneity.

https://ies.isu.ac.ir/article_78040_dc7dc46bc8efbe1802a31917fad6497d.pdf

Imam Sadiq(as) University Islamic Economics Studies Bi-quarterly Journal 2008-4102 16 2 2024 04 20 examining the role of Islamic economic principles—justice, rights, and stability—in international oil and gas contract Elucidating the Components of Islamic Economics in International Oil and Gas Contracts: Emphasizing the Criteria of Right (Haqq), Justice ('Adl), and Economic Sustenance (Qiwam) Based o Constructive Approach in Islamic Economics examining the role of Islamic economic principles—justice, rights, and stability—in international oil and gas contract Elucidating the Components of Islamic Economics in International Oil and Gas Contracts: Emphasizing the Criteria of Right (Haqq), Justice ('Adl), and Economic Sustenance (Qiwam) Based o Constructive Approach in Islamic Economics 273 302 78090 10.30497/ies.2026.248864.2305 FA Mahdi Hajaghabozorgi Ph.D. Student in International Oil and Gas Contract Management, College of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0009-0003-5938-4774 Vahid Salimi Ph.D. in Oil and Gas Law, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 11 09 The inherent nature of the oil and gas industry necessitates the execution of international contracts. Driven by the strategic importance of upstream oil and gas agreements in Iran and the imperative to adhere to Islamic economic principles, this study critically examines these contractual frameworks across their economic, political, and social dimensions. By employing the foundational approach in Islamic economics and analyzing the perspectives of Islamic scholars, the contemporary aspects and emerging challenges of these contracts were explored. The findings indicate that the nominal type of a contract alone is an insufficient criterion for determining its compliance with Islamic norms. Consequently, the study concludes that beyond general jurisprudential considerations, specific minimum standards must be operationalized at various levels in every contract- regardless of its formal classification- to ensure genuine alignment with Islamic economic principles. The inherent nature of the oil and gas industry necessitates the execution of international contracts. Driven by the strategic importance of upstream oil and gas agreements in Iran and the imperative to adhere to Islamic economic principles, this study critically examines these contractual frameworks across their economic, political, and social dimensions. By employing the foundational approach in Islamic economics and analyzing the perspectives of Islamic scholars, the contemporary aspects and emerging challenges of these contracts were explored. The findings indicate that the nominal type of a contract alone is an insufficient criterion for determining its compliance with Islamic norms. Consequently, the study concludes that beyond general jurisprudential considerations, specific minimum standards must be operationalized at various levels in every contract- regardless of its formal classification- to ensure genuine alignment with Islamic economic principles.

https://ies.isu.ac.ir/article_78090_e7dd74d3b33705b5224ce64213d1316d.pdf

Imam Sadiq(as) University Islamic Economics Studies Bi-quarterly Journal 2008-4102 16 2 2024 04 20 Structural Breaks in Productivity and Inflation in Iran’s Economy: An Analysis Before and After the 2007 Policy Shocks within the Framework of the Resistance Economy Structural Breaks in Productivity and Inflation in Iran’s Economy: An Analysis Before and After the 2007 Policy Shocks within the Framework of the Resistance Economy 303 332 78032 10.30497/ies.2026.248965.2308 FA Omid Izanlo Researcher at Ghadr Applied Socio-Economic Center, Qom, Iran 0009-0004-5498-4321 Journal Article 2025 09 22 Low productivity has posed serious challenges to sustainable growth in Iran’s economy. This paper evaluates policy changes after 2007 by comparing productivity performance and the mechanism of cost-push inflation. It asks whether these changes merely reduced performance levels or triggered a fundamental structural break in long-run economic trends. Using time-series data from 1997 to 2023, the study applies three analytical methods: mean comparison tests, the Chow structural break test, and a linear regression model with interaction terms to distinguish three periods: pre-2007, 2007–2011, and post-2012. The findings show that the shocks following 2007 had asymmetric and concentrated effects, mainly on capital productivity. By contrast, labor productivity remained relatively stable across sectors, with no evidence of a structural break. The inflationanalysis further indicates that price globalization in 2007–2011 weakened firms’ pricing power under recessionary conditions and reduced the pass-through from producer to consumer inflation. As a result, the production sector absorbed most of the shock, leading to lower productivity. Overall, the evidence suggests that price globalization failed to achieve its intended objectives, weakened capital productivity, and increased the vulnerability of the production sector, underscoring the need to revise macroeconomic policy within the framework of a Resistance Economy. Low productivity has posed serious challenges to sustainable growth in Iran’s economy. This paper evaluates policy changes after 2007 by comparing productivity performance and the mechanism of cost-push inflation. It asks whether these changes merely reduced performance levels or triggered a fundamental structural break in long-run economic trends. Using time-series data from 1997 to 2023, the study applies three analytical methods: mean comparison tests, the Chow structural break test, and a linear regression model with interaction terms to distinguish three periods: pre-2007, 2007–2011, and post-2012. The findings show that the shocks following 2007 had asymmetric and concentrated effects, mainly on capital productivity. By contrast, labor productivity remained relatively stable across sectors, with no evidence of a structural break. The inflationanalysis further indicates that price globalization in 2007–2011 weakened firms’ pricing power under recessionary conditions and reduced the pass-through from producer to consumer inflation. As a result, the production sector absorbed most of the shock, leading to lower productivity. Overall, the evidence suggests that price globalization failed to achieve its intended objectives, weakened capital productivity, and increased the vulnerability of the production sector, underscoring the need to revise macroeconomic policy within the framework of a Resistance Economy.

https://ies.isu.ac.ir/article_78032_ab8700e65a06cc6da5582fd740422947.pdf

Imam Sadiq(as) University Islamic Economics Studies Bi-quarterly Journal 2008-4102 16 2 2024 04 20 Developing a Qualitative Model for Cryptocurrency Applications in Iran’s Economic Growth within an Islamic Economics Framework Developing a Qualitative Model for Cryptocurrency Applications in Iran’s Economic Growth within an Islamic Economics Framework 333 371 78039 10.30497/ies.2026.246609.2232 FA Khalil Shamshiry Bozchlooei Ph.D. Student in Economics, Faculty of Economics and Accounting, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0004-9420-0288 Bijan Safavi Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics and Accounting, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-8535-9324 Mohammad Khezri Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics and Accounting, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-6105-0242 Fatemeh Zandi Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics and Accounting, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-4139-5948 Journal Article 2024 08 09 This study develops and elucidates a qualitative model for the applications of cryptocurrencies in national economic growth within the framework of Islamic economics. Employing a Delphi-driven content analysis via MAXQDA, categories were finalized through expert consensus. Data were gathered in Spring 2024 through structured interviews with a panel of 15 experts, comprising specialists from the Central Bank’s Vice Presidency for New Technologies, the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance, Iranian cryptocurrency exchanges, and academic scholars across various economic and financial disciplines. The findings reveal a multi-dimensional model that categorizes cryptocurrency impacts into micro- and macro-economic spheres. At the micro-economic level, cryptocurrencies foster modern employment opportunities and facilitate high-speed international transfers. These applications promote growth by enhancing economic stability for home-based businesses and supporting equitable income distribution. Furthermore, integrating Islamic economics at this level enhances household resilience to inflation, aids in poverty eradication, and helps control inflation for essential goods. Conversely, at the macro-economic level, cryptocurrency applications prevent excessive money creation while improving the security and transparency of international financial transfers. These macro-level dynamics drive growth by boosting employment rates, attracting foreign investment, and ensuringinstitutional economic equity. Crucially, the macro-level implementation of Islamic principles via cryptocurrencies mitigates sanctions-induced economic tensions, empowering the economy to overcome external constraints and achieve sustainable development. This study develops and elucidates a qualitative model for the applications of cryptocurrencies in national economic growth within the framework of Islamic economics. Employing a Delphi-driven content analysis via MAXQDA, categories were finalized through expert consensus. Data were gathered in Spring 2024 through structured interviews with a panel of 15 experts, comprising specialists from the Central Bank’s Vice Presidency for New Technologies, the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance, Iranian cryptocurrency exchanges, and academic scholars across various economic and financial disciplines. The findings reveal a multi-dimensional model that categorizes cryptocurrency impacts into micro- and macro-economic spheres. At the micro-economic level, cryptocurrencies foster modern employment opportunities and facilitate high-speed international transfers. These applications promote growth by enhancing economic stability for home-based businesses and supporting equitable income distribution. Furthermore, integrating Islamic economics at this level enhances household resilience to inflation, aids in poverty eradication, and helps control inflation for essential goods. Conversely, at the macro-economic level, cryptocurrency applications prevent excessive money creation while improving the security and transparency of international financial transfers. These macro-level dynamics drive growth by boosting employment rates, attracting foreign investment, and ensuringinstitutional economic equity. Crucially, the macro-level implementation of Islamic principles via cryptocurrencies mitigates sanctions-induced economic tensions, empowering the economy to overcome external constraints and achieve sustainable development.

https://ies.isu.ac.ir/article_78039_33911d73fd639812e1e387527b8971a1.pdf